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Research

Technical papers from the laboratory, with references to manufacturers and scientific publications, on how drives and flash memory work inside.

Line chart of the heat the firmware applies to each of the 10 heads of drive A across the 151 zones of the platter
Research
1 October 2026

Thermal profile: why not every head can be a donor

Two drives of the same model, ten heads each, and only one behaves the same. This is how we choose a donor without putting the platters at risk.

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Two hard drive head stack assemblies removed from their drives, facing each other on a blue bench, with their arms and flex cables visible
Research
1 October 2026

The evolution that changed the rules: SMR, HAMR and the head swap

A research paper from the laboratory: why a head swap that works on a CMR drive can destroy the data on an SMR drive.

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Board of a 2.5-inch SATA SSD with its NAND memory chips and, above it, a USB stick without its casing
Research
1 October 2026

FTL: the invisible layer that makes your SSD, USB stick or SD card work

Between the operating system and the memory chips sits firmware that decides where every piece of data goes. Understanding it explains why SSD recovery is so different.

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